Originally posted by: HearMeRoar
My heart goes out to the Afghans. A lot of misinformation going around, so putting this here. Caveat: I am by no means an expert.
Since the 50s, there were ethnic clashes between various tribes in the AfPak region, which resulted even in attacks on each other's embassies which is a big diplomatic no-no. Moscow supplied arms and ammunition to the Afghan government. The U.S. government also gave the government aid.
FF to 1970s. Pakistan lost Bangladesh and the war with India. They were concerned about a Moscow-Kabul-New Delhi alliance, which would leave them almost surrounded by enemies. Islamabad started supporting Islamist rebels in Afghanistan. Saudi Arabia was supporting the Islamists with money. In 1974, Islamists plotted a coup, but they were discovered, and some fled to Pakistan.
More rebel groups started in Afghanistan. Soviets suddenly shifted allegiance from Afghan government to a communist group. A communist leader got assassinated, and people started demonstrating. Government arrested communist leaders. Military intervened and did a coup, installing the communists. Soviets were thrilled, but factions continued fighting in the country. A new leader started ignoring Soviet commands.
By now, U.S. had lost Iran to Khomeini. The U.S. tried to influence Afghanistan. Brezhnev, Soviet premier, of course didn't want to lose influence, so he sent the army.
Now, remember the Islamists who fled to Pakistan who were supported financially by Saudi Arabia? Once a foreign power invaded their land, others started joining them, thus forming the groups we now call mujahedeen.
Because of the wish to counter the Soviets, Pres. Jimmy Carter sent money to the mujahedeen. This increased under Pres. Ronald Reagan. Saudis continued to send money. In 1985, U.S. support expanded to include military support. Pakistani intelligence controlled the actual delivery of these weapons to the Islamists. The ISI used their position to promote Paki interests.
India allied itself with the Soviets. The U.S. gave up on India as a potential partner circa mid 80s.
Given the terrain and the multiple factions in Afghanistan, the Soviets bled financially and militarily. They finally withdrew.
But Kuwait war happened. The U.S. dropped Afghanistan like a hot potato and redirected money and other resources to Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia.
The Islamists in Afghanistan got upset with U.S. and Saudis and aligned themselves with Iran, Libya, etc.
The big criticism against the U.S. is that it initiated Arabs volunteering in Afghanistan. That actually is untrue. The big influx of Arabs to Afghanistan started in the 90s, AFTER the U.S. withdrew. These Arabs were well-financed.
The factional fighting continued. Afghanistan was in chaos. Then, a group called Taliban promised an end to the infighting. They promised security. There is a myth that someone asked Taliban for help in freeing 2 kidnapped girls from a rival group. Taliban did exactly that. The irony if that is really how they gained prominence! This got them local support. Pakistan also supported Taliban as they promised full sharia. They started attacking for territorial gains. Local support increased.
Now, in 1996 bin Laden relocated to Afghanistan. With him came al Qaeda and some well-trained fighters. The Taliban needed bin Laden. 1998 terrorist bombings by al Qaeda and 9/11 happened. Taliban couldn't hand over bin Laden because, well, they still needed him.
The U.S. invaded. The rest is fairly recent so I assume material which would've been analyzed by experts is classified. We will know in another 25-30 years.