Sur /swar- notes. In reality shows the phrase "sur teek nahi lageh" is often heard. By this they mean the notes were not sung at the correct pitch, they may have been too flat or sharp in relation to the scales of the composition.
Talafuzz refers to pronunciation of words as Indradanush stated. Throw refers to the projection of voice for example in the song ek haseena thi, most of the words in the mukra are held in high pitch/ projected/ thrown.
Falsetto refers to artificially raising the scale so that the voice has that angelic quality of high notes sung in high pitch you can hear it in opera singing and as Indradanush said Alisha Chenoy uses it quite often. Her song Tinka Tinka from the movie Karam is sung almost entirely in falsetto.