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Its a very complicated matter. Prophet Mohammad was the last prophet of Islam and this is the absolute faith a muslim must say when they say Kalma that There is no god except Allah and Mohammad is his messenger (fyi Jesus, David, Noah etc) were also earlier prophets but Mohammad was the last. After Mohammad it was strictly told that there would be no successor but a caliph like a mayor of the place would run the day to day affairs. Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali.
Since the prophet did not had any sons there was no lineage and it was important so that people tomorrow wont claim that they are his successor. He only had daughters and even the two sons from her daughter Hasan and Hussain were martyered and they were sons of Ali the last caliph and after that there was a rift between Shia and Sunni because people felt that those two Hussain and Hassan succeeded the caliphete
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