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Ragmala Painting of Kafi (17th century)
Rag Kafi is the primary rag in Kafi That. There are many popular film songs in Kafi rag including "Biraj Me, Holi Khelat Nand Lal". It is a sampurna-sampurna rag that is very straightforward in its execution.
As is typical of the highly problematic vadi / samvadi theory, there is disagreement concerning the vadi and the samvadi. Some suggest that the vadi and the samvadi are Pa and Sa respectively. However, many are of the opinion that it should be Ga for the Vadi and Ni for the samvadi.
Its characteristics are shown below.
Sampurna - Sampurna
Evening
Sa - Pa
Originally posted by: kabhi_21
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Rag Kalingada is very similar to Bhairav. Unlike Bhairav, this rag is performed in the last part of the night. There has been a strong tendency over the last few decades to take lighter interpretations of both Kalingada as well as Bhairav. The result is that the two rags have begun to converge. Whenever there is such a convergence, the general tendency is for rags to asume the name of Bhairav. If this tendency continues, we can expect Kalingada to completely merge with Bhairav and to lose its identity in the process.
The structure of Kalingada is very simple. It is a sampurna - sampurna rag performed in a very straight manner.
The problems of the vadi / samvadi theory are clearly seen here. Some say that Pa and Sa are the vadi and samvadi. Unfortunately, there is no agreement on this point. Ga, Dha, and Ma have also been declared to be the vadi and samvadi (in various combinations). Kalingada's characteristics are:
Sampurna - Sampurna
Last part of night
Sa - Pa
Ragmala Painting of Rag (Ragini) Yaman (Mushirabad 1765)
This rag is known by several names; Kalyan, Iman, Eman, or Yaman. Strangely enough, Yaman Kalyan is a different rag. Kalyan is very popular and some commonly known examples of songs in this rag are "Ansu Bhari Hai Jai Jivan Ki Rahen", "Ja Re Badara Bairi Ja Re" and "Jiya Le Gayo Re Mora Sanvariaya". Yaman is a sampurna rag which is performed in the first part of the night. The vadi is Ga and the samvadi is Ni. Typically Sa and Pa are weak in the arohana. However their omission is not obligatory.
Sampurna - Sampurna
First part of the night
Sa - Pa
This rag is one of the most common in Indian music. Although it is used in the classical styles, its romantic character makes it much more appropriate to the semi-classical and lighter styles. It is traditionally ascribed to the second part of the night. "Kuch To Log Lahenge" and "Nazar Lagi Raja Tore Bungal Par", are two well known examples of common songs in this rag. There are many other popular film songs in Khammaj as well.
Rag Khammaj has a clear musical structure. It is a shadav-sampurna rag due to the ommission of the Re in the arohana. Even in the avarohana, the Re is durbal (weak). The vadi is Ga and the samvadi is Ni. Undoubtedly its method of using Nishad is one of its most defining characteristics; it is shuddha (i.e., natural 7th) in the arohana but it is komal (i.e., minor 7th) in the avarohana.
Shadav - Sampurna
Second Part of Night
Sa - Pa
Ragmala Painting of Rag (Ragini) Lalit (Hyderabad circa 1760)
Lalit (sometimes transliterated as Lalith) is a moderately common rag. One well known song in this rag is "Tu Hai Mere Prema Devata". There is some disagreement concerning the Dha; some suggest that Lalit uses shuddha Dha and others say that it uses komal Dha. It has Pancham absent in both the ascending and the descending structures, therefore it is shadav - shadav jati.
Lalit is one of the most curious rags in the Hindustani tradition. Normally rags which use both Mas show a very strong "either / or" approach rather than a chromatic approach. That is to say that one may use tivra Ma in passage or shuddha ma, but one generally does not use both Mas together unless they are linked by a very clear pakad (e.g., bihag). Lalith is unusual in that it takes a chromatic approach to the two Mas. It treats them as though they were distinct notes. This chromatic treatment, coupled with the absence of Pa (5th) has caused some scholars to view this tivra Ma as actually being a komal Pa. (e.g., Jairazbhoy, 1971)
The concept of a komal Pa (diminished 5th) is very controversial. Present musical theory clearly rejects this position. However, komal Pa was a characteristic of the old Dhaivati jati as described in the Natya Shastra. Although there is a historical precedent to komal Pa, the conservative approach it to ignore this concept.
The rejection of komal Pa does not automatically simplify the theoretical position of Lalith. The equal weight and usage of both madhyams raises some questions. If we give importance to the tivra madhyam, lalit falls into Marwa that. However, if we give importance to the shuddha madhyam, it falls into Suriyakantha mela (note- this mode is not one of the 10 thats that by convention is taught in the music colleges in India). Since the shuddha Ma is generally considered the vadi it would make more sense to ascribe its modality to Suriyakantha mela, but for here we will bow to convention and scribe it to Marwa that.
Shadav - Shadav
Midnight to Mid-morning
Sa-Ma or Sa-Dha
Ragmala Painting of Rag Malkauns from the Mewar school (circa 1605)
Rag Malkauns (A.K.A. Malkosh) is a very popular rag in the North Indian system (Hindustani Sangeet). In the South it is known as Hindolam. It is a pentatonic rag that has has the five notes Sa, Komal Ga, Ma, Komal Dha, and Komal Ni. One would think that with so many komal (flat) notes that it would have a strong minor quality about it. However, upon close examination we see that the absence of the fifth and the strong presence of the fourth causes the mind to "invert" it. Therefore, it tends to sound surprisingly similar to Dhani to which it has a murchana relationship.
Malkauns has a long history, and it appears to have undergone numerous changes over the centuries. It is said that Malkauns is derived from Malav Kaushik. However, modern Malkauns has no resmblence to this ancient rag.
The mood is meditative, perhaps even sad. Therefore, it tends to be played in slow to medium speeds.
The modality of Malkauns is not shared with any other rags. Therefore there is really no need to go beyond the basic mode in order to define Malkauns.
Audav - Audav
Ma
Sa
Midnight
Sa - Ma
Rag Marwa is considered to be the most fundamental rag in Marwa That. It is an evening rag that is quite popular. This rag is unusual in that the tonic is not harmonically well defined; there is no pancham (5th) and the madhyam is tivra rather than shuddha (i.e., there is no natural 4th). It is this harmonic imbalance that gives marwa its peculiar character. Considering this imbalance, rag marwa has a surprisingly simple structure. Re is the vadi and Dha is the samvadi. It is shadav - shadav due to the total exclusion of pancham (the 5th). One well known song in this rag is "Payalia Banwari Bhaje". Marwa's characteristics are:
Shadav - Shadav
Evening
Sa - Dha
Ragmala Painting of Rag (Ragini) Todi (Kangra, Pahadi - circa A.D. 1790)
Todi, also known as Mian-ki-Todi (Miyan-ki-Thodi), is a very common morning rag. However, there is a certain disagreement as to its structure. According to some, all seven notes are used in both the ascending and descending structures; according to this approach, this rag is sampurna - sampurna. Others suggest that the Pa is absent in the arohana but present in the avarohana; according to this approach this rag is shadav - sampurna. Here we are presenting the sampurna - sampurna version. There is also disagreement concerning the vadi and the samvadi. Some consider the vadi to be Dha while others consider it to be Ma. Many musicians consider the samvadi to be Ga.
Sampurna - Sampurna (disputed)
Morning
Sa-Pa or Sa-Komal-Dha
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