- Ridda Wars — 632–633 — Arabian Peninsula
- Early Muslim conquests under Rashidun Caliphs — 633–661 — Levant, Persia, Egypt, North Africa
- Battle of Yarmouk — 636 — Levant (Byzantine Syria)
- Battle of al‑Qadisiyyah — 636 — Sasanian Persia
- Fall of Ctesiphon — 637 — Mesopotamia (Iraq)
- Conquest of Jerusalem — 637–638 — Palestine
- Battle of Nahavand — 642 — Persia (decisive defeat of Sasanian forces)
- Muslim conquest of Egypt / Siege of Alexandria — 639–642 — Egypt
- Muslim conquest of the Maghreb (initial phases) — 647–711 — North Africa
- Umayyad conquests into Central Asia — 650s–750s — Transoxiana, Khurasan
- Muslim conquest of Persia (completion) — 633–651 — Sasanian Empire territory
- Conquest of Sindh (Muhammad ibn Qasim) — 711–715 — Sindh (south Asia)
- Conquest of Iberia (Al‑Andalus) — 711–718 — Visigothic Iberia (Spain, Portugal)
- Umayyad campaigns into Gaul / Battle of Tours (Muslim forces repelled) — 720s–732 — Southern France
- Muslim expansion in the Caucasus and Anatolia (frontier raids) — 7th–11th centuries — Caucasus, eastern Anatolia
- Islamic conquests in Sicily and southern Italy — 827–902 (Sicily); 9th–11th c. (southern Italy) — Mediterranean islands/peninsula
- Arab conquest of Crete — 824–827 — Crete
- Muslim incursions into Provence and Septimania — 8th–9th centuries — Southern France
- Muslim conquest of the Balearic Islands — 902 — Balearics
- Arab–Byzantine frontier wars (continuous raids and sieges) — 7th–11th centuries — Anatolia, Aegean
- Ghaznavid raids/expansion into northern India — late 10th–11th centuries — Punjab, north India
- Seljuk Turk expansions (Sunni Muslim power) — 11th–12th centuries — Anatolia, Persia, Levant
- Almoravid expansions across North Africa and into Iberia — 1050s–1147 — Maghreb, Iberia
- Almohad expansion — 1120s–13th century — Maghreb, Iberia
- Ayyubid conquests (Salah al‑Din) — 1169–1193 — Egypt, Levant (against Crusaders)
- Mamluk campaigns against Crusaders and Mongols — 1250s–14th century — Levant, Egypt, Syria
- Ottoman expansion (rise to empire) — late 13th century–16th century (and beyond) — Anatolia, Balkans, Middle East, North Africa
- Conquest of Bursa — 1326 — Anatolia
- Capture of Constantinople — 1453 — Byzantine capital
- Ottoman conquests in Balkans — 14th–15th centuries — Southeastern Europe
- Ottoman expansion into Arab lands — 1516–1517 — Levant, Egypt, Hejaz
- Timurid and post‑Timurid campaigns (Timur/Tamerlane) — late 14th–early 15th centuries — Persia, Mesopotamia, Levant, Anatolia, Central Asia, India (devastating raids rather than lasting Islamic state-building)
- Bengal and Delhi Sultanate expansions (various dynasties) — 13th–16th centuries — northern and eastern India, Bengal
- Ottoman naval and Barbary expansions in Mediterranean — 15th–17th centuries — North Africa, Mediterranean isles
- Safavid expansions (Shiʿi state consolidation) — 16th–17th centuries — Persia, parts of Caucasus, Mesopotamia (conflicts with Ottomans)
- Mughal conquests in South Asia — 1526–early 18th century — Northern and central Indian subcontinent
- Establishment (Panipat) — 1526 — north India
- Peak territorial expansion — 16th–17th centuries — most of South Asia
- Portuguese/European conflicts with Muslim polities (naval/colonial contests) — 15th–17th centuries — Indian Ocean, East Africa, Persian Gulf
- Expansion of Muslim states in Southeast Asia (conversion and state formation) — 13th–17th centuries — Malay Archipelago (e.g., Malacca Sultanate)
- Wahhabi‑Saud expansion (First/Second Saudi states) — 18th–19th centuries — Arabian Peninsula
- 19th–20th century colonial conflicts and Muslim rebellions / jihads (e.g., Mahdist War in Sudan 1881–1899, various anti‑colonial uprisings) — varied regions and dates
- 20th–21st century Islamist insurgencies and jihads (modern movements with local/regional campaigns) — late 20th century–present — global, region‑specific
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