Albert Einstein
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Sadism involves gaining pleasure from seeing others undergo discomfort or pain. The opponent-process theory explains the way in which individuals not only display, but also take enjoyment in committing sadistic acts.[3][clarification needed] Individuals possessing sadistic personalities display recurrent aggression and cruel behavior.[4][5] Sadism can also include the use of emotional cruelty, purposefully manipulating others through the use of fear, and a preoccupation with violence.[6]
While some sadistic individuals do gain pleasure in imposing pain and suffering upon others, sadism does not always involve the use of physical aggression or violence. More often, sadistic individuals express aggressive social behaviors and enjoy publicly humiliating others in order to achieve a sense of power over them.[7][not in citation given]
The word sadism was created by Richard von Krafft-Ebing after Donatien Alphonse Franois de Sade a 19th-century French writer and philosopher. He is best known for his eroticworks, which combined philosophical discourse with po*nography, depicting sexual fantasies with an emphasis on violence, criminality and blasphemy against the Catholic Church. He was a proponent of extreme freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion or law.
Most of these theories commonly point out the fact that sadism is mainly dependent on the upbringing of an individual. Although biological and environmental aspects are also known to contribute to the development of this behavioral disorder,[citation needed] less evidence is available about hereditary patterns or genetic causes.
Sadistic Personality Disorder is found more often in males than in females.[citation needed] In addition, studies have suggested that there are familial patterns in the presence of sadistic personality types. Specifically, people with Sadistic Personality Disorder often have relatives who have some type of psychopathology as well.[10][not in citation given]